Census Records
In the United States, census records are available every ten years from 1790 to 1940. For most historic homes, census enumerations in 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 will give the most helpful information. Once you know the name of the person who lived at the house in those years (from deeds and city directories) you can look them up in census indexes.
Basics of Using Federal Census Records
Census Information from History Detectives
U.S. Census records online at Ancestry.com (subscription required).
U.S. census records online at FamilySearch.org (free)
Genealogy information from the U.S. Census Bureau